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Georg Hesler
Georg Hesler (1427–1482) (called the Cardinal of Santa Lucia) was a German Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop.
==Biography==
Georg Hesler was born in Würzburg in 1427, the second son of commoners Hans and Agatha Hesler.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 With his brother Johannes, he traveled to Italy in 1454, studying at the University of Pavia and becoming a doctor of both laws.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
After graduating, he went to the papal court in Rome where Pope Callixtus III appointed him privy treasurer on May 5, 1456.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 He became a canon of the ''Stiftskirche'' dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul in Öhringen, and of the church dedicated to St. Stephan in Bamberg.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 He was also awarded the parish of Dollnstein. He was ordained as a priest by Giovanni Castiglione, Bishop of Pavia, in 1458.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
He then returned to help his family recover possessions they had lost.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 During this time, he entered the service of Dietrich Schenk von Erbach, Archbishop of Mainz.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 After the death of the archbishop's secretary, Hesler took over as his secretary, and gained a canonry in the collegiate church of Saints Peter and Alexander in Aschaffenburg.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
In autumn 1458, he returned to the papal court, where Pope Pius II was the new pope.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 At the end of 1459, he was in the service of Albert VI, Archduke of Austria.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 In 1460, he became an assessor of the Aulic Council in Vienna; at this time, he registered at the University of Vienna.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
Later in 1460, he was appointed one of seven members of the cathedral chapter of Cologne Cathedral and moved to Cologne.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 During this period, he formed a close friendship with Ruprecht of the Palatinate, future Archbishop of Cologne.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 In 1463, when Ruprecht became archbishop, he appointed Kesler as his chancellor and sent Kesler to Rome to obtain papal approval of Ruprecht's election as archbishop.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
After successfully completing this mission, he served as a counselor to Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 In 1464, he became secretary to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and also served as his ambassador to the Kingdom of France.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
In early 1466, he became ''domherr'' of Speyer Cathedral by special papal permission.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 He traveled to Rome in October 1466, at which time the pope made him a protonotary apostolic.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 In 1474, Friedrich III made him an advisor.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 He performed so well that he later became the emperor's chancellor, in which capacity he arranged the marriage of the emperor's son Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
In 1474, the emperor requested that Pope Sixtus IV make Hesler a cardinal.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 Over the opposition of the College of Cardinals, Sixtus IV announced in February 1477 that he intended to make Hesler a cardinal.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 As such, in the consistory of December 10, 1477, Hesler was created a cardinal priest.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 On December 12, 1477, he received the ''titulus'' of Santa Lucia in Selci (a deaconry raised ''pro illa vice'' to the status of ''titulus''), and Hesler received the red hat on January 13, 1478.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
Cardinal Hesler wished to become a prince-bishop.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 His patron, Friedrich III, convinced Sixtus IV to issue a papal bull dated July 1, 1478 forbidding the cathedral chapters of St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht, Liège Cathedral, Cambrai Cathedral, the Cathedral of Trier, Cologne Cathedral, Mainz Cathedral, Würzburg Cathedral, Bamberg Cathedral, Eichstätt Cathedral, Speyer Cathedral, Salzburg Cathedral, St. Stephan's Cathedral, Passau, Augsburg Cathedral, Freising Cathedral, Münster Cathedral, Regensburg Cathedral, and Besançon Cathedral from electing a bishop without the prior permission of the pope and the emperor.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 In Speyer, Strassburg, and Passau, the chapters simply ignored this prohibition.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
Following the death of Ulrich von Nußdorfs, Prince-Bishop of Passau, on September 9, 1479, the cathedral chapter of Passau Cathedral elected Friedrich Mauerkircher as the new bishop.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 Mauerkircher stayed in Rome to settle the question.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 Sixtus IV annulled his election and on January 28, 1480 insisted on the election of Cardinal Hesler to the position, issuing papal bulls threatening Mauerkircher and his supporters with excommunication and interdict.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 Pope Sixtus IV personally consecrated Hesler as a bishop on February 13, 1480.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
On May 1, 1480, Hesler left Rome for the imperial court.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 Three canons from the Passau cathedral chapter now defected to Hesler's side.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 They proclaimed Hesler the rightful bishop and Hesler's investiture took place in Vienna without incident.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
However, Passau still refused to recognize Hesler as its ruler.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 It remained in a state of rebellion until the emperor pronounced the proscription over the city in 1482.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 Finally, in August 1482, an agreement was reached whereby Hesler would become bishop and Mauerkircher was recognized as his successor.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
Hesler died on September 21, 1482 while traveling to Vienna to meet the emperor.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕 He is buried in the church of Santa Maria ad Ripas in Vienna.〔(Biography from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church )〕
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